[55] Once translated from the original, aspiring maritime states like Imperial Japan and Germany were quick to take up Mahan as at least a pre-textual justification for naval expansion. From the time of their publication, the writings of Alfred Thayer Mahan have framed dialogues on U.S. sea power, sea control, and maritime strategy. The inclination of a people toward the sea, it must be noted, is of vital importance in weighing the naval balance of a nation. the Secretary of State, Travels of Jahrhundert inspiriert, forderte Mahan in seinem einflussreichen Werk dazu auf, die Ozeane nicht mehr als Hindernisse, sondern als groe Verkehrsstraen zu betrachten, die es zu nutzen galt. [52] Revista de Marina, No. Extrapolating from the history of Northern Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, Mahan concluded that sea powernaval superiority rooted in commercial vitality, shipping, and foreign territorial acquisitionswas the key to national power and influence. Even before Halford Mackinder's 1904 article "The Geographical Pivot of History," Mahan was contemplating a great fight between offshore sea powers and continental land empires. Put briefly, Mahan as grand strategist argued that Britains sea power underwrote its rise to strategic preponderance in the European system from 1650 to 1780. He was brought up in a scholarly as well as military background . 2023 Diplomat Media Inc. All Rights Reserved. From 1885 to 1893 he was assigned to the Naval War College, briefly as a professor and soon as president of the fledgling institution. [22] Mahan, Influence, 71. [79] Hughes argued that as technology changes it alters not only tactics, but also the naval-strategic principles Mahan took as constants. The Russian climate, however, is so frigid that more than 90% of this total is icebound the entire year, rendering it useless to naval operations. argue for a shift towards commercial expansion overseas, he did note that calls cOMPRAR. Cart All. Their ability to withstand long hours and hard work allowed them to adapt to the sailor's life, yielding Sir. [15] See also: George Grote, A History of Greece, Vol II, 2nd Edition (London: John Murray, 1849), 152; Andrew Lambert, Seapower States: Maritime Culture, Continental Empires, and the Conflict that Made the Modern World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018), 2. [vi] There are over 160 articles, but if we start . In a narrow sense, Influence is a specific argumenta polemicaimed at fin de sicle navalists about the necessity of expanding the United States Navy (USN). However, in the combined 840 pages of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History:16601783 and The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future, Mahan does not investigate the role of a nations coast guard. [67] Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963), 91. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org [26] Halford J. Mackinder, Geographical Pivot of History, The Geographical Journal 23, No. Identify the operational components of the U.S. Navy sea power. . Summary of Theory Alfred Mahan, the originator of the North - Studocu Development theory summary of theory alfred mahan, the originator of the north american school of geopolitics and an american naval officer and historian, DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Fast on the heels of these authors, the best comprehensive revision of Mahans argument came from the British naval historian Paul Kennedy in the 1970s. Given authority, he is likely to be bureaucratic and to exercise his power arbitrarily and harshly.. 4. of the Secretaries of State, Travels of Criticisms and Alternative Geopolitical Models. Answer: It cannot win wars, e.g., the C.S.S. It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy.Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840 - December 1, 1914) was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the . Wayne P. Hughes, Fleet Tactics (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986/2000/2018). [11] Hugues Canuel, From a Prestige Fleet to the Jeune Ecole, (2018) Naval War College Review: Vol. set up a colonial empire for the U.S. and set the U.S. on the road to empire. Nonetheless, Mahan as a historian could actually be quite sensitive, particularly in his use of analogy and comparison. Digital Proceedings content made possible by a gift from CAPT Roger Ekman, USN (Ret.). In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a lecturer in naval history and the president of the United States Naval War College, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, a revolutionary analysis of the importance of naval power as a factor in the rise of the British Empire. When war came, the proud Dutch merchantmen were driven from the seas, depriving the Netherlands of victory and vanquishing it from the front rank of world powers. [89] See examples like the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center, Applied History Project and University of Texas Clements Center for National Security. The term itself entered the English language in the 1840s via the British classicist George Grotes History of Greece, which described the Minoans as a seapower or, alternately, thalassocracy.[15] Mahan split that word into its component parts for effect (maritime power was apparently too smooth for his liking) and then spread the concept with nearly religious zeal. In todays highly technical navies, the quality and adaptability of personnel are matters of paramount importance once the government has decided to commit itself to a course of naval development. Patriotism is another Russian strongpoint. . power. A nation possessing sea power can enrich itself through trade, protect and expand its commerce and possessions abroad, and "make possible the most glorious and most useful enterprises."6 Mahan elaborated six conditions that define a nation's seapower: geographical position; physical conformation; extent of It is self-sufficient in steel, concrete, and iron production. He wrote his treatise in 1911 specifically toward that end, balancing (like Clausewitz) the ways, means, and ends of naval war. Hello Select your address Kindle Store Hello, Sign in. This master dissertation discussed Alfred Mahan Theory of Sea Power which is based on three requirements (production, shipping and colonies), and six principal conditions ( geographical position , physical conformation, extent of the territory , number of population , character of the people and character of the government ) that affect sea . Mahan tells us of Sir Edward Pellew and how he put to sea in 1793 with a ship crewed by Cornish miners. 2. A. Friedman, Command of the LittoralsInsights from Mahan, The Strategy Bridge, 10 October 2017; and David Ramassinii, Too Small to Answer the Call, U.S. Status of the, Quarterly Mahan argued that British control of the seas, combined with a corresponding 8. International Maritime Organization, Port State Control, www.imo.org/en/OurWork/IIIS/Pages/Port%20State%20Control.aspx. Like the Netherlands, the U.S.S.R. must maintain an army strong enough to win a defensive war against potential enemies. Alabama; it can only be a secondary goal of naval action. He identified several narrow passages or strategic chokepoints, the control of which contributed to Great Britains command of the seas. This chapter also discusses how the core principles Mahan borrowed from the Swiss military theorist Jomini - concentration, offensive action, and decision by battle . Mahan had served in the Union Navy during the American Civil War and aboard several different ships during the 1870s, but he gained international recognition and fame for his writings while teaching at the Naval War College, especially his second book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890). William Leeman and John B. Hattendorf, (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2020). Influences effect on the U.S. Navy took longer to register, much to Mahans disappointment. [74] Major continental powers can build naval force (or sea power, two words) but are unlikely to become seapowers because they lack an identity anchored in maritime traditions. Anyone curious about the period in question should save time and energy by turning to N.A.M. Defense, China [48] Mahan, From Sail to Steam, 277; Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome, tr. Hughes. What is the value of commerce destruction, and should this be a primary or secondary goal of naval action? [4] All the while, the U.S. [73] Andrew Lamberts ambitious and engaging Seapower States (2018) is the most critical and provocative of this vein (though Lamberts larger project is much more than a refutation of Mahanian sea power). Relations, World Wide Diplomatic Archives [84], When Mahan died in 1914, Influence was the literal headline of his New York Times obituary: Admiral Mahan, Naval Critic, Dies: Gained Fame from Book.[85] That same year World War I broke out in Europe and the Panama Canal opened as a thoroughfare across the Americas. Thomas Tommy Jamison isa military historian and assistant professor of strategic studies in the Defense Analysis Department at the Naval Postgraduate School. Russia has over, 28.0 miles of coastline, plenty for any aspiring sea' power. 1885. [6] In the early 1880s, Congress took incremental steps to address the situationinvesting in a few New Steel Navy shipsbut as of Influences publication in 1890 the USN remained strikingly weak relative to the U.S. industrial base and national identity. These element focuses on a country's geographicalshow more content This compares to the United State's 46.5 million, TEU. Consistent support and preparedness, he argues, are key to the maintenance of Sea Power and its exercise in moments of emergency. Mahan tells us of Sir Edward Pellew and how he put to sea in 1793 with a ship crewed by Cornish miners. Such maritime commerce relies on colonies or points: the logistical infrastructure (such as in Panama and Hawaii) for oceanic voyages, markets for goods, and sources of raw materials. President William McKinley finally secured the annexation of Hawaii by means of Manage Settings Mahan transformed his lectures into book format, publish-ing The Inluence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 in 1890. On a daily basis, todays Coast Guard screens hundreds of foreign vessels, performs maintenance on dozens of aids to navigation, completes hundreds of commercial vessel inspections, and investigates marine casualties and accidents. 5. 22-07-2011 17:40:30 ZULU. Lambert resurrects the concept of seapower (one word), defining it as a form of cultural identity mixed with geopolitical ambitions that allows marginal sea states to leverage asymmetric-maritime advantages against great power hegemons. Mahan was not alone in urging this. The Royal Navys distant blockade of Germany after Jutland likewise mirrored British attempts after Trafalgar to interdict French commerce, while leveraging British seaborne communications. Most famously, Theodore Roosevelta naval historian in his own righttook from Mahan a vocabulary and rationale for naval power and U.S. foreign policy. Naval Institute Proceedings 147, no. In addition to icebreaking in northern ports, its collective activities ensure the integrity and continued viability of U.S. maritime trade. To wit: element four, population, should be read in direct relation to element three, extent of territory. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and Today, U.S. strategists concerned with the vulnerability of sea lines of communication, a retreat from global commitments, or the hollowing out of the domestic industrial base, could find common cause with Mahans logic. [66] By the 1960s and 70s, still more historians, led by Walter LaFeber, portrayed Mahan as an arch-imperialist, consciously designing maritime empire across the Pacific and the Caribbean. Mahan said strategic principles "remain as though laid on a rock." [28] Element two, Physical Conformation, thoroughly examines the type and specific features of the permanent base. 11) Principles of Maritime Strategy Autor: CORBETT, Julian S. Editora: Dover Publications, 2004 OBS: Outras edies disponveis da obra podem ser consultadas 12) The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 Autor: MAHAN, Alfred T. Editora: Dover Publications, 1987 OBS: Outras edies disponveis da obra podem ser consultadas 1. Like a piece of stained glass held up to the light, the Mahanian concept of sea power is many things at once, depending on ones perspective. Peter Karsten, The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modem American Navalism (New York: Free Press, 1972). Most critically, William (of Orange) and Marys ascent to the British throne in 1688 reconfigured Dutch strategic concerns toward France at the expense of the navy.[41]. As the custodian of U.S. ports and waterways, the Coast Guard safeguards the infrastructure necessary to access the global commons and realize sea power. Like France, the Soviet Union is potentially strong, but it has four seas to defend. Naval Academy graduated more officers than there were positions on ships. [82] Julian Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1918). Most importantly, however, it is an outline of a grand strategy bound up in a national turn toward the maritime world. What do we know about him? It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. [58] Some years later, and more concretely, Mahan was able to secure funding for the Naval War College after winning over to Influences basic proposition the subsequent, and initially skeptical, Secretary of the Navy Hilary A. Herbert. This brings us to Mahans most vital characteristic. The publication of Mahans books preceded much of the disorder associated with the 1890s, but his work resonated with many leading intellectuals and politicians concerned by the political and economic challenges of the period and the declining lack of economic opportunity on the American continent. But since 1790, the Revenue Cutter Service had been collecting tariffs, combating smuggling, and enforcing revenue and customs laws. The essence of Mahan from a naval viewpoint is that a great navy is a mark and prerequisite of national greatness. See also: Dingman, Japan and Mahan in The Influence of History on Mahan: The Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, ed. He also recognized the power potential of China and foresaw a time when the United States would need to be concerned with Chinas rise. But as Mahan noted, naval power constitutes only a portion of a states sea power. The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 16601783, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and As the Peoples Liberation Army Navyto name one obvious examplebuilds an increasingly capable force, the tension between Chinas identity as a continental and maritime power is an issue of global importance. A.T. Mahan, The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1897). [82] Perhaps the most obvious contrast is that Corbettstaring across the English Channel in 1911understandably placed more weight on the navys role in supporting amphibious invasions and leveraging maritime power to attack a superior continental army. domestically, and he argued that the United States should seek new markets Mahan, the son of the legendary West Point instructor Dennis Hart Mahan, was born in 1840, graduated from the U.S. This study will then examine each of the following elements of national power in light of Mahan's six principal conditions: - Sea Power (The combination of military strength afloat and peaceful commerce through shipping) in the 21st century. Edward the first prize of the War of the French Revolution. Vol. He identified several narrow passages or strategic "chokepoints," the control of which contributed to Great Britain's command of the seas. There was an emerging power with . Writing at the turn of the 20 th century, Mahan was explicitly thinking about the role of sea power for the United States as it emerged onto the world stage, and his ideas, though very influential at the time, have fallen somewhat out of favor in more recent thinking about sea power. Mahan wrote Influence in response to the somewhat ironic position of the United States and its navy in the international system in the 1880s and 90s. Charles Beard, The Navy: Defense or Portent? Mahan claimed that these lessons on force composition and employment transmitted across the ages and were effectively immutable. Without a strong domestically focused Coast Guard, a 21st-century great white fleet will have nothing to protect. history and the president of the United States Naval War College, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 16601783, a of State, World War I and the [I]t is scarcely desirable, Mahan wrote, that so vast a proportion of mankind as the Chinese constitute should be animated by but one spirit and moved as a single man. Mahan knew that Western science and technology would at some point be globalized and wrote that under such circumstances it is difficult to contemplate with equanimity such a vast mass as the four hundred millions of China concentrated into one effective political organization, equipped with modern appliances, and cooped within a territory already narrow for it.. Power, Crossroads He famously listed six fundamental elements of sea power: geographical position, physical conformation, extent of territory, size of population, character of the people, and character of government. Understanding them is important if conflict is to be avoided. He will bring great strength, endurance, and patience to his work and, on occasion, will be capable of short bursts of feverish activity. Furthermore, for centuries the Russian social caste sys-. Mahan understood that the United States, like Great Britain, was geopolitically an island lying offshore the Eurasian landmass whose security could be threatened by a hostile power or alliance of powers that gained effective political control of the key power centers of Eurasia. expand the U.S. commercial presence in Asia by purchasing Alaska in In 1890, United States Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan published a book titled "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History." The monumental text addressed the importance of both military and commercial fleets in the success of a nation in war and peacetime. Rather, it is designed point-by-point to illustrate didactically the importance of Sea Power to policymakers in the United States. [88] Likewise, though World War II was not settled in a single fleet encounter, decisive naval engagements were key to winning whole theaters of the war. Money, Tokyo [51] After defeating Peru in a decisive naval battle in 1879, Chile leveraged its maritime preponderance to cut off Peruvian trade, finance war spending, and move amphibious armies along the Peruvian coast. The Netherlands, for example, created a globe-girdling merchant fleet which channeled the wealth of the world into its ports. Alfred Thayer Mahan stands out as one of the foremost thinkers on naval warfare and maritime strategy. 3 A. T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History: 1660-1783 (Sioux Falls, SD: Nu Vision PUblications, 2007), 24. Mahan links naval activities to wider national and international issues and proposed a series of principles for professional naval officer to use in the formulation of naval strategy. Alfred Thayer Mahan, Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812, vol. Five years later, the United States obtained a The significance of the role of institutions is shown by Heather McLaughlin in her definition: "Maritime governance derives from an institutional framework with jurisdictions at international, national, regional and local level."80 At the same time Roe criticized existing institutions for their rigidity and inertia. population growth had finally led to the closing of the American frontier, 1 Manship: Mahan's Concepts of Sea Power Published by U.S. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2001. One example of this is the fact that Soviet submarines are towed to station on the surface, submerge for the duration of their cruise, and then resurface to be towed back to port. Finally, he attempted to ratify a treaty with the Colombian Government that would allow the United States to build an isthmian canal through the province of Panama. [30] Drawing from his experience in the Civil War, Mahan noted that the sparsely populated inlets and harbors of the Confederacy were not a source of strength, but rather highways for riverine penetration by Union gunboats. the 1890s, but his work resonated with many leading intellectuals and Wedded together, these elements greatly advantaged British political aims and regional influence. Book Cover of the 12th Edition of Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea [31] (Semi-)Colonial peoples the world over could no doubt empathize. Jomini's work depended heavily on fixed principles that could be stated with mathematical precision and comprehensiveness. Beyond this, an Outer Crescent and Outer Insular Crescent of the World Island includes the Western Hemisphere (including the United States), Britain, Australia, and Japannot coincidentally states that have historically invested a great deal in Sea Power. B.J. [36] On Preparedness, New York Times, March 18, 1897. Alfred T. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power, 1890 Von der rmischen Geschichte und seinen Untersuchungen zum 17. und 18. He has written articles and reviews on historical and foreign policy topics for Strategic Review, American Diplomacy, Joint Force Quarterly, the University Bookman, the Washington Times, the Claremont Review of Books, and other publications. A.T. Mahan, Naval Strategy Compared and Contrasted with the Principles and Practice of Military Operations on Land, (London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1911). Without those elements of Sea Power, pure military or naval strength is a colossus with feet of clay. He famously wrote in The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire that it was the navy of Great Britain (those far distant storm-beaten ships) that stood between Napoleon and the dominion of the world. Kaiser Wilhelm II reportedly ordered a copy of the book placed aboard every German warship. Continue with Recommended Cookies. which culminated in the onset of an economic depression between 1893 and 1894. Geographical Position: The Soviet Union has the problems which Mahan saw in both France and the Netherlands. This form of little sea powerand its rules for naval strategyis widely read, but ultimately peripheral to Mahans core purpose. Commodore Robert W. Shufeldts Voyage to Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts, Mahans The Influence of Sea Power upon History: Securing International Contemporary discussions of Mahanian strategy overlook the importance of the Coast Guard in maintaining domestic maritime power. Chennai Centre for China Studies. New Delhi has distanced itself from a controversial and unequal deal between Adani Power and the Bangladesh Power Development Board. Mahan also grasped as early as 1901 the fundamental geopolitical realities of the Cold War that emerged from the ashes of the first two world wars. In a virtuous cycle, physical access to the sea, commercial trade, and colonial possessions created national wealth. [3] Kenneth Hagan, American Gunboat Diplomacy and the Old Navy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 140; George Davis, A Navy Second to None: The Development of Modern American Naval Policy (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1940), 32. joint resolution of Congress. During, I his course of study, he spent a semester as an exchange student at West Point and participated in Queen Elizabeth s Silver Anniversary Naval Re- ^ , view in 1977 while on board the USS California. Nations achieve sea power by defeating an adversarys fleet in a decisive engagement, thereby driving the enemys ships and commerce from the oceans. In his 1980 book "Influence," Mahan outlined six "principal conditions affecting the sea power of nations": geographical position, physical . As an analysis of purely naval strategy, it is also a thesis emphasizing concentrated battle fleet engagements as a means of achieving command of the sea. In light of still more recent technical developments such as nuclear weapons, autonomous vehicles, and information technologies, it is tempting to leave the densely written Influence on the shelf, preserving it as a Victorian artifact of antiquarian value but with little or no relevance to modern-day problems. A.T. Mahan, From Sail to Steam: Recollections of a Naval Life (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1907). Mahan was especially interested in the attitude of France toward sea power because the French seemed to mirror Sea power encompasses commercial rivalries in Mahan would have simply argued that while naval weaponry and tactics . Francis P. Sempa is the author of Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Transaction Books) and Americas Global Role: Essays and Reviews on National Security, Geopolitics, and War (University Press of America). UNITED STATES SEA POWER Learning Objectives: When youfinish this chapter, you will be able to Recognize the importance of sea power in relation to today's world. In many ways, the Dutch Provinces make for an awkward departure point for Mahans comparative project. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1932). In this sense Kennedy largely reflected Mackinders argument: Railways and the consolidation of nation states like Germany, Russia, and the United States in the late-19th century once again made land-powers the dominant actors in the international system. Der rmischen Geschichte und seinen Untersuchungen zum 17. und 18 permanent base analogy and comparison, combating,... It can only be a primary or secondary goal of naval action with mathematical and... Need to be concerned with Chinas rise element three, extent of territory on principles. Commerce from the oceans 1790, the Dutch Provinces make for an awkward departure point for comparative. That same year world War I broke out in Europe and the Bangladesh Development. Use of analogy and comparison, 1932 ) with Chinas rise Mahans comparative.... The United States scholarly as well as military background power in its Relations to the War of 1812 Vol! 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Out as one of the permanent base addition to icebreaking in northern,... A colonial empire for the U.S. and set the U.S. Navy sea power to policymakers in the Defense Department! Strategic studies in the United States ( Ret. ), Some of... Register, much to Mahans core purpose national greatness principles Mahan took as constants a grand bound... Dutch Provinces make for an awkward departure point for Mahans comparative project example, a!